International

US-Iran MoU Details Emerge: $300bn Reconstruction Aid, Sanctions Relief in 14-Point Deal

Published

2 months ago

June 18, 2026

US-Iran MoU Details Emerge: $300bn Reconstruction Aid, Sanctions Relief in 14-Point Deal

The United States and Iran have signed a landmark 14-point memorandum of understanding that outlines a path to ending hostilities, lifting economic sanctions, and launching a $300 billion reconstruction plan for Iran. The agreement, dubbed the “Islamabad MoU,” was read out by a senior US official to journalists on Wednesday and sets the stage for a comprehensive final deal within 60 days. The digital signing has already taken place between President Donald Trump and Iranian parliamentary speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf, with a formal in-person ceremony scheduled for Friday in Switzerland. The Iranian government has released its own version of the text, which largely mirrors the US readout, though with slightly different emphases on certain provisions such as the centrality of Lebanon’s sovereignty and the operational mechanics of sanctions relief.

The Full 14-Point US-Iran Memorandum of Understanding Text

Below is the complete text of the memorandum as read by the senior US official, beginning with the preamble stating that “The United States of America and Islamic Republic of Iran have jointly agreed in good faith on [a date yet to be determined], on the following:”

Paragraph 1 – Permanent Cessation of Hostilities

The first paragraph declares an immediate and permanent termination of military operations on all fronts, including in Lebanon. The United States and Iran, along with their respective allies in the current war, undertake from now on not to initiate any war or any military operation against each other and to refrain from the threat or use of force against one another, while also ensuring the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Lebanon. The final deal will confirm the permanent termination of the war on all fronts, including in Lebanon, and other provisions of this paragraph. A senior US official emphasized that Iran bears responsibility for restraining Hezbollah, stating that “they have to get a collar on their dog in Hezbollah; they’ve got to hold them back,” making clear that Washington views this as a critical test of Tehran’s good faith.

Paragraph 2 – Mutual Sovereignty

The second paragraph commits both parties to respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and to refrain from interfering in each other’s internal affairs. This provision is designed to establish a baseline of mutual non-aggression that extends beyond the immediate military cessation, addressing long-standing Iranian grievances about US support for regime change and American concerns about Iranian influence across the Middle East.

Paragraph 3 – 60-Day Negotiation Window

The third paragraph establishes a maximum 60-day timeline for negotiating and achieving the final deal, a period that can be extended with mutual consent. This tight deadline reflects the urgency both sides feel to capitalize on the current diplomatic momentum while also creating a sense of pressure that could force difficult compromises during the negotiations. The clock is now ticking on this critical window, with the formal signing in Switzerland set to trigger the countdown.

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Paragraph 4 – US Naval Blockade Removal

The fourth paragraph requires the United States to begin removing its naval blockade and any disturbances or impediments against Iran immediately upon signing, with full removal within 30 days. During this period, the traffic of vessels will be in proportion to the numbers of pre-war traffic being restored by Iran. The United States further undertakes to remove its forces from the proximity of Iran within 30 days after the final deal. This represents a significant military de-escalation, as the US naval presence in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz has been a major point of tension and a primary tool of economic pressure against Iranian oil exports.

Paragraph 5 – Strait of Hormuz Passage

The fifth paragraph places obligations on Iran to make arrangements using its best efforts for the safe passage of commercial vessels with no charge for 60 days only, from the Persian Gulf to the Sea of Oman, and vice versa. The traffic of commercial vessels will immediately start, and considering the need for removing technical and military obstacles and de-mining by Iran, will be instated within 30 days. Iran will also conduct dialogue with the Sultanate of Oman to define the future administration and maritime services in the Strait of Hormuz, in discussion with other Persian Gulf littoral states, in line with applicable international law and the sovereign rights of coastal states of the Strait. This provision is crucial for global energy markets, as the Strait of Hormuz is a vital chokepoint through which roughly 20% of the world’s oil passes.

Paragraph 6 – $300 Billion Reconstruction Fund

The sixth paragraph commits the United States to work with regional partners to develop a definitive mutually agreed plan with at least USD 300 billion for the reconstruction and economic development of Iran. The mechanism for implementation will be finalized as part of a final deal within 60 days, and all required licenses, waivers, and permissions needed for the relevant financial transactions will be granted by the United States. A critical detail is that the US will not directly contribute to this fund. Instead, it serves as a framework for regional partners—particularly Gulf states—to invest in Iran’s reconstruction with US approval and sanctions waivers, representing a significant geopolitical shift that could reshape the Middle East’s economic landscape.

Paragraph 7 – Comprehensive Sanctions Termination

The seventh paragraph is perhaps the most consequential for Iran’s economy, as the United States undertakes to terminate all types of sanctions against Iran, including United Nations Security Council resolutions, IAEA Board of Governors resolutions, and all unilateral US sanctions, both primary and secondary, on an agreed-upon schedule as part of the final deal. Both parties acknowledge the critical importance of the sanctions termination issue and express their intentions to immediately address these issues in the negotiations in order to achieve mutual agreement on them. The Iranian version of the text reportedly places stronger emphasis on this provision as a fundamental pillar of the agreement, reflecting Tehran’s view that sanctions relief is the primary benefit it seeks from the deal.

Paragraph 8 – Nuclear Commitments

The eighth paragraph addresses the most sensitive aspect of the negotiations: Iran’s nuclear program. Iran reaffirms that it shall not procure or develop nuclear weapons, and both parties agree to resolve the disposition of stockpiled enriched material pursuant to a mechanism that will be mutually agreed upon in accordance with the schedule mentioned in Paragraph 7, with the minimum methodology to be down-blending on site under the supervision of the IAEA. The two parties also agreed to discuss the issue of enrichment and other mutually agreed matters related to Iran’s nuclear needs, based on a satisfactory framework being agreed upon in the final deal. The final deal will confirm the provisions of this paragraph, and both parties acknowledge the critical importance of the nuclear issues and express their intention to immediately address them in the negotiation. A US official described this provision as a “major, major win” for the United States, as it commits Iran to verifiable steps that roll back its nuclear program.

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Paragraph 9 – Status Quo Maintenance

The ninth paragraph establishes a freeze on the current situation pending the final deal. Iran will maintain the current status quo of its nuclear program, and the United States will not impose any new sanctions and will not deploy additional forces in the region. This “standstill” provision is designed to prevent either side from taking actions that could undermine the negotiations or escalate tensions during the 60-day window, creating a stable environment for the difficult talks ahead.

Paragraph 10 – Immediate Oil Export Waivers

The tenth paragraph provides for immediate economic relief, as the United States undertakes that immediately upon signing the MOU, and until the termination of sanctions, the US Department of Treasury will issue waivers for the export of Iranian crude oil, petroleum products and derivatives, and all associated services, including banking transactions, insurances, and transportation. This provision allows Iran to begin ramping up its oil exports immediately, providing a tangible economic benefit that can be presented to the Iranian public as a concrete achievement of the diplomatic process.

Paragraph 11 – Release of Frozen Assets

The eleventh paragraph addresses the billions of dollars in Iranian assets that have been frozen or restricted in various jurisdictions around the world. The United States undertakes to make these funds fully available for use upon implementation of the MOU, with the procedures related to the release to be mutually agreed upon during the negotiations. Such funds, whether retained in the original account or transferred, shall be made fully usable for payment to any ultimate beneficiary designated by the Central Bank of Iran, and the United States undertakes to issue all necessary licenses and authorizations accordingly. This represents a significant financial windfall for Iran, though the exact amount and the timeline for access remain to be determined in the negotiations.

Paragraph 12 – Monitoring Mechanism

The twelfth paragraph establishes that an executive mechanism will be created to monitor the successful implementation of the MOU and the future compliance with the final deal. This monitoring body will be critical for building trust between the two sides and providing verification that each party is meeting its commitments, particularly on the nuclear front and on sanctions relief.

Paragraph 13 – Performance-Based Sequencing

The thirteenth paragraph contains the operational logic of the entire agreement, establishing that after signing the MOU and subject to the beginning of the implementation of Paragraphs 1, 4, 5, 10 and 11, and the continuing implementation of these measures, the United States and Iran will start negotiations regarding the final deal exclusively on the other paragraphs. This is the “performance-based” core of the agreement. Negotiations on the comprehensive final deal only commence after Iran begins implementing its commitments on the ceasefire, maritime security, and the US begins delivering economic relief. A senior US official described the logic: “If the Iranians dial up their good behavior, we respond by dialing up the kind of economic and sanctions relief that can make them a more prosperous country.”

Paragraph 14 – UN Security Council Endorsement

The fourteenth and final paragraph provides for international legitimacy, as the final deal will be endorsed by a binding UN Security Council resolution. This would give the agreement the force of international law and make it more difficult for future US administrations to unilaterally withdraw from the deal, addressing a key Iranian concern following the US withdrawal from the 2015 JCPOA under the first Trump administration.

Analysis: What This Means for US-Iran Relations

The Islamabad MoU represents the most significant diplomatic breakthrough between Washington and Tehran in decades, and several key themes emerge from a close reading of the document. The agreement is structured as a “performance-based” roadmap where Iran’s compliance unlocks specific US actions, creating a dynamic where both sides have ongoing incentives to fulfill their commitments. The $300 billion reconstruction framework, while not a direct US financial commitment, signals a broader realignment in the Middle East where Gulf states may be willing to invest heavily in Iran’s economy as part of a regional stabilization effort. On the nuclear front, Iran has agreed to on-site down-blending of enriched uranium under IAEA supervision, a provision US officials have hailed as a major victory, though the final deal will still need to resolve the broader question of Iran’s enrichment program and the extent to which it will be allowed to continue. The MoU provides for immediate oil export waivers and a phased removal of the naval blockade, but the comprehensive termination of all US sanctions will only come as part of the final deal within 60 days, creating a clear sequence of benefits tied to continued compliance. With provisions addressing Lebanon’s sovereignty, the Strait of Hormuz, and dialogue with Gulf states, the MoU signals a broader effort to stabilize the entire region beyond just the bilateral US-Iran relationship.

What Happens Next?

The 60-day clock is now ticking. Implementation of the initial provisions—ceasefire, naval de-escalation, maritime passage, oil waivers, and access to frozen assets—must begin before negotiations on the final deal can formally start. The final agreement, if reached, will be enshrined in a binding UN Security Council resolution, giving it international legal weight and making it more durable against future political changes in either country. All eyes are now on Friday’s formal signing ceremony in Switzerland and the subsequent negotiations that will determine whether this diplomatic breakthrough leads to a lasting transformation of US-Iran relations or proves to be another temporary pause in a long history of hostility. The coming weeks will test whether both sides can translate the framework of the MOU into a comprehensive agreement that addresses the full range of issues dividing them, from nuclear enrichment to regional influence to economic integration.

US-Iran MoU Details Emerge: $300bn Reconstruction Aid, Sanctions Relief in 14-Point Deal

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International

Trump Warns Iran: Open Hormuz or Get ‘Hit Very Hard’ as 48-Hour Deadline Looms

Published

1 day ago

August 5, 2026

Trends Admin

Trump Warns Iran: Open Hormuz or Get ‘Hit Very Hard’ as 48-Hour Deadline Looms

United States President Donald Trump has warned Iran it will be “hit very hard” unless the Strait of Hormuz is reopened “very soon,” while insisting that talks between the two sides were ongoing despite Tehran flatly denying any direct negotiations were taking place. Speaking in an interview with Fox News on Tuesday during a visit to California, Trump said he preferred a diplomatic resolution but left no doubt about the consequences of failure. “The strait is going to be open very soon, or they are going to get hit very hard, and then the strait’s going to be open,” he said. “If they back out again, they are going to get hit really hard. They know that. They understand that. I have no choice.” The president also described the planned military operation as extensive and still on the table despite his decision to pause it over the weekend. “It’s very tough to do what we have planned, still planned. We’ll see what happens,” he said, adding that he was “very proud” of giving Iran a chance to negotiate before launching what he suggested would be a large-scale assault. “We hit them very, very hard. But the hard hit is yet to come, and hopefully we won’t have to use it.” Trump simultaneously accused Iran of duplicity for publicly denying it was in talks with Washington. In a post on Truth Social, he wrote: “Iranian Leadership is unbelievably duplicitous! They ask for a meeting, some would say ‘beg,’ talks begin, with more scheduled in the immediate future, and they say, openly and proudly, that they’re not having any discussions, that nothing is being talked about, and they’re only dealing with ‘Oman’.” He added that “nothing gets through to Iran, unless we want it to, and nothing will get through, unless a Deal, or Total Surrender, is accomplished.”

Iran’s Foreign Ministry flatly rejected Trump’s characterisation. Spokesperson Esmaeil Baghaei said Tehran was not holding direct discussions with the United States and was only engaged in talks with Oman regarding a temporary safe route through the strait. “Discussions are currently focused on a possible navigation corridor for two-way vessel traffic. That initiative is unrelated to negotiations on fully reopening the strait. It is a separate issue,” Baghaei said. Baghaei added that all Iranian negotiators were currently in the country, with Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi on a religious pilgrimage in Iraq and unavailable for negotiations at least until the end of the week. The only exception, he said, was the ongoing bilateral discussions with Oman as the two coastal states responsible for the waterway.

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According to Axios, which cited unnamed regional and US officials, the United States, Iran, and Oman are nearing an interim agreement to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, with Washington hoping to announce the deal as early as Wednesday. The proposed arrangement would be a 60-day agreement for safe passage in the strait between Iran and Oman, with negotiators working on final details. Under the reported framework, ships entering the Persian Gulf would travel north through Iranian territorial waters, while outbound vessels would travel south through Omani waters in coordination with Tehran. The agreement would not involve the collection of transit fees or tolls, and the parties would clear mines from the central shipping lane within 30 days. A US official and one regional source told Axios that Iranian leadership had completed the approval process for the agreement on Tuesday. While US Secretary of State Marco Rubio confirmed that progress had been made in discussions with Iran, he noted that talks had not yet been finalized but that the White House was “hoping” for an agreement “in the very near future.”

Iran’s senior officials have taken a defiant stance, warning the United States against any adventurous actions. The Iranian Foreign Ministry reiterated that Tehran views Hormuz as a crucial source of strategic leverage that it cannot afford to surrender, while Washington insists that Iran must not be allowed to control an international waterway. Iran continues to insist that any agreement must leave it in control of the Strait of Hormuz. Regional officials told The Associated Press that any agreement to reopen Hormuz would also require the removal of the current US blockade on Iranian ports. Meanwhile, Iranian military sources have denied Trump’s claim that Tehran asked Washington to call off its strikes, calling his remarks “a new lie,” according to Iran’s semi-official Mehr news agency.

The diplomatic confusion was underscored when another cargo vessel was attacked near the strait’s Omani coast on Tuesday. The United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations Centre (UKMTO) reported receiving multiple reports that a tanker had been struck by an unknown projectile approximately eight nautical miles east of Oman’s Limah. The tanker’s crew abandoned the vessel and boarded a lifeboat, with the vessel’s main engine disabled and a bunker tank on fire. The UKMTO did not identify the ship or its owner, and authorities are investigating. Separately, Iran’s Revolutionary Guards said on Tuesday that two oil tankers had caught fire after explosions while attempting to transit the southern route of the strait, though Reuters could not independently verify the Guards’ statement.

The disruption of the Strait of Hormuz has sent oil prices soaring and placed heavy pressure on Trump to stop the fighting, partly because of the effect rising energy prices could have on American voters ahead of the November congressional midterm elections. Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent had earlier told CNBC that a deal to reopen the strait could come as early as Tuesday or Wednesday, saying there were “hundreds if not 1,000 ships sitting in there waiting to go out,” including tankers carrying oil, fertiliser, refined products and industrial gases. Trump has vowed that Iran will not be permitted to collect transit fees in the strait, declaring, “If anyone is allowed to collect fees, it will be us. We have complete control.” The president had previously said he expected to know by Tuesday how the talks were going, “one way or the other,” but insisted that the path forward is clear. As the 48-hour window unfolds, the world watches to see whether the negotiations will yield a breakthrough or whether Trump will follow through on his threat to unleash a devastating military campaign. “If they don’t make a deal, it’s going to be too bad. And we have much more on Iran coming up,” Trump said. All parties remain on high alert, with the potential for a catastrophic escalation in West Asia now greater than at any point since the conflict began.

Trump Warns Iran: Open Hormuz or Get ‘Hit Very Hard’ as 48-Hour Deadline Looms

International

Iran Denies US Talks After Trump Announces Negotiations as War Enters Sixth Month

Published

3 days ago

August 3, 2026

Trends Admin

Iran Denies US Talks After Trump Announces Negotiations as War Enters Sixth Month

Tehran rejects Washington’s claim of imminent talks, says discussions with Oman over Strait of Hormuz are separate and ongoing

Iran has firmly denied that it is currently holding negotiations with the United States, contradicting President Donald Trump’s announcement that talks would begin on Monday afternoon. The conflicting claims come amid heightened tensions over the Strait of Hormuz and Iran’s nuclear program, with the war between the two countries now in its sixth month. The war began on February 28, 2026, when the United States and Israel launched surprise strikes against Iran, targeting key leadership, air defence capabilities, missile sites, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) Navy. The opening salvo included an attack on a leadership meeting in Tehran that killed Supreme Leader Sayyid Ali Khamenei, Iran’s defence minister, the chief of staff of the armed forces, and the commander of the IRGC. Since then, months of on-off diplomacy have led to periods of relative calm, though fighting has continued to flare.

Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baqaei stated during a televised press conference on Monday that “Iran is not currently holding talks with the United States”. He elaborated that Tehran has no plans to host or send delegations, and members of Iran’s negotiating delegation remain inside the country. Baqaei clarified that Iran’s current discussions are focused exclusively on Oman regarding a temporary safe route through the Strait of Hormuz. He emphasized that reaching an agreement with Oman would not mean the reopening of the strait, as the situation would remain unchanged while US “aggression” continued. “So long as the United States continues to violate its commitments, the situation in the Strait of Hormuz will not change,” Baqaei told his weekly press conference. The spokesman also warned Gulf states against allowing the United States to use their territory for attacks on Iran, urging countries in the region not to facilitate US military action.

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On Sunday, President Trump told reporters aboard Air Force One that negotiations with Iran would begin Monday afternoon. He claimed that the talks would cover the Strait of Hormuz and ultimately the denuclearisation of Iran. “The deal is imminent, having to do with the Hormuz Strait and also, ultimately, the denuclearization of Iran,” Trump said. Trump stated that he had been asked by Iran as well as US partners Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar to hold off on strikes, which he claimed would have been “the biggest attack since World War II”. In a post on Truth Social, Trump wrote: “Based on this request, I have agreed, for the future benefit of the WORLD and, likewise, the survival of a successful and prosperous Iran, to cancel the attack, subject to being able to rapidly make a DEAL”. However, Iranian media has denied that Tehran asked Trump not to strike. Trump has repeatedly predicted that a negotiated settlement is within reach, although previous diplomatic efforts have been followed by renewed exchanges of military strikes.

While denying US talks, Iranian officials confirmed progress in discussions with Oman over a new shipping route through the Strait of Hormuz. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said negotiations with Oman on a mechanism for ships to transit the waterway were “nearing completion and in their final stages,” according to Iranian state media. The talks have been ongoing for months between Tehran and Muscat, the two littoral states bordering the strait, with discussions continuing at both the technical and political levels. Baqaei told state television that a deal was close with Oman over a new route through the strait, describing it as “one path with entry and exit lanes” that would respect the sovereign rights of both sides. The route under discussion will be temporary, he said, and through it, Iran will ensure safe navigation. Baqaei emphasized that Iran and Oman, as coastal states of the strait, are required to cooperate to ensure the safe passage of vessels through the waterway and reach a defined mechanism. He noted that Tehran needs to ensure that the Strait of Hormuz would not be exploited by the parties that have carried out aggression against Iran, adding that “this requires us to adopt a mechanism in which Iran’s sovereign rights are fully respected”.

The conflicting claims come against the backdrop of a war that has significantly disrupted global energy markets. Before the war, the Strait of Hormuz served as a conduit for approximately 20% of the world’s oil and liquefied natural gas. Iran has largely closed the strait, causing energy prices to rise and stoking broader inflation. On June 18, Iran and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on ending the conflict, under which the two countries were scheduled to hold negotiations within a 60-day period to reach a final agreement. Under the understanding, Iran agreed to allow fee-free maritime transit through the Strait of Hormuz for a period of 60 days. However, the talks’ fate has been uncertain due to recent military escalation. The US attempted to undermine Iran’s sovereignty by establishing an unsafe corridor near Omani shores, prompting Iran’s firm response to re-impose restrictions on the strait.

Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian posted on X that “We must strive to compel the enemy to remain committed to what it has signed”. He expressed belief that the MoU would be the focal point of Iran’s foreign relations in the future. Baqaei also revealed that over the past 24 hours, “we have received numerous calls from the United Kingdom, Bulgaria, and Ukraine stating that they will not be part of the war against Iran”. Iranian lawmaker Hassan Ghashghavi, spokesman for the parliament’s national security commission, said on Sunday that mediators were trying to revive the US-Iran memorandum of understanding that was agreed in June. That agreement was not intended as a final peace deal, but as a stepping stone to negotiations on a comprehensive agreement, though it did include provisions on Hormuz. “They know that the main issue and, in fact, the key to the matter right now is the issue of the Strait of Hormuz, so yes, there is an exchange of views,” Ghashghavi said.

Trump’s announcement had immediate market effects, with oil prices falling at the opening of Asian trade. The president said he had been asked by Iran as well as US partners Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar to hold off on further strikes. Eli Cohen, Israel’s energy minister and a member of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s security cabinet, said there was close security and intelligence coordination between Israel and the US on everything happening in the region. However, he added: “With or without an agreement, and regardless of any external commitments, if Iran attempts to renew its nuclear programme or advance its ballistic missile industries, we will be there. We will take action, and we will strike”. In his call with Trump, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman stressed the “necessity of prioritising dialogue to de-escalate tensions” in the Middle East, according to Saudi Arabia’s state news agency. Many observers have expressed skepticism about the latest diplomatic push. Vali Nasr, an Iran expert at Johns Hopkins University, stated there was “no clear path” for Trump to achieve his goals, noting that “He is trying his hand now at a diplomatic solution to avoid military escalation. But there’s no clear path, either diplomatically or militarily, to get Trump to a place where he can declare victory”.

Iran Denies US Talks After Trump Announces Negotiations as War Enters Sixth Month

Additional reporting by Reuters, AFP, Ynetnews, and The New Arab

International

Oil Prices Slide as Trump Announces Fresh Iran Talks, Easing Supply Fears

Published

3 days ago

August 3, 2026

Trends Admin

Oil Prices Slide as Trump Announces Fresh Iran Talks, Easing Supply Fears

Global oil prices fell sharply in early Asian trading on Monday after United States President Donald Trump announced fresh negotiations with Iran, raising hopes of easing tensions in the Middle East and restoring normal shipping through the strategically vital Strait of Hormuz.

Brent crude, the international oil benchmark for September delivery, dropped 4.69 per cent to $83.81 a barrel as of 2250 GMT on Sunday, while the US benchmark, West Texas Intermediate (WTI), declined 4.67 per cent to $80.72.

The decline followed Trump’s announcement on Sunday that Washington would resume diplomatic engagement with Tehran instead of pressing ahead with major military strikes against the Islamic Republic.

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“Now what we’re doing is we’re talking to them in the form of a negotiation. It begins tomorrow afternoon,” Trump said, without disclosing the venue or those expected to participate in the talks.

Oil markets have remained highly volatile since the conflict between the United States, Israel and Iran escalated in late February, disrupting traffic through the Strait of Hormuz—a critical maritime corridor for global crude oil and liquefied natural gas exports.

The renewed diplomatic push has fuelled optimism that the waterway could soon reopen fully, reducing the risk of prolonged disruptions to global energy supplies.

Adding to the positive sentiment, Iran said on Sunday that it was close to reaching an agreement with Oman on establishing a new shipping arrangement through the Strait of Hormuz, a development that could further stabilise oil exports from the region.